High blood pressure, also known as hypertension, occurs when the heart pumps blood at a higher pressure than normal, which can damage your arteries and organs over time. It is often called the "silent killer" because it typically develops without any noticeable symptoms until it reaches advanced stages.
This condition is more common as people age but can affect anyone. The good news is that high blood pressure can be easily detected and controlled with proper treatment and lifestyle changes.
What Causes High Blood Pressure?
There are two main types of high blood pressure:
- Essential (Primary) Hypertension:
- Develops gradually over many years.
- Common in adults, especially as they age.
- Secondary Hypertension:
- Can develop suddenly.
- Caused by underlying health issues, such as kidney disease, tumors, certain heart defects, or the use of specific medications like birth control pills, pain relievers, decongestants, or stimulants like cocaine.
What Are the Symptoms of High Blood Pressure?
High blood pressure often has no noticeable symptoms. However, early signs may include:
- Dull headaches
- Dizziness
- Frequent nosebleeds
These symptoms usually appear only after blood pressure reaches dangerously high levels, making regular monitoring important even if you're not experiencing symptoms.
How Is Blood Pressure Measured?
Blood pressure is measured using an inflatable arm cuff (sphygmomanometer) and a gauge. The reading is given in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) and consists of two numbers:
- Systolic Pressure (top number) : Measures pressure in the arteries when the heart beats.
- Diastolic Pressure (bottom number) : Measures pressure between heartbeats when the heart is at rest.
Blood Pressure Categories
- Normal : Below 120/80 mm Hg
- Pre-hypertension : Systolic 120-139 mm Hg, Diastolic 80-89 mm Hg
- Stage 1 Hypertension : Systolic 140-159 mm Hg, Diastolic 90-99 mm Hg
- Stage 2 Hypertension : Systolic 160 or higher, Diastolic 100 or higher
What Are the Risks of Uncontrolled High Blood Pressure?
If left untreated, high blood pressure can lead to serious complications, including:
- Heart failure : The heart becomes less efficient at pumping blood.
- Stroke : A blocked or ruptured blood vessel in the brain.
- Kidney damage : Narrowed blood vessels may lead to kidney disease.
- Vision loss : Damaged blood vessels in the eyes.
- Cognitive issues : Increased risk of dementia and cognitive decline.
How Is High Blood Pressure Diagnosed?
A single high reading is not enough to diagnose high blood pressure. Since blood pressure can fluctuate throughout the day, doctors typically rely on multiple readings taken at different times to make a diagnosis.
Monitoring High Blood Pressure at Home
Using a home blood pressure monitor is an easy way to track your readings and avoid frequent doctor visits.
Types of Monitors:
- Electronic Units : These are accurate, easy to use, and minimize human error. Many have features like:
- Fully automatic operation for ease of use.
- Large, easy-to-read displays for individuals with poor eyesight.
- Error indicators to alert you to incorrect readings.
- Memory functions to help you track readings over time.
- Adjustable arm cuffs to fit larger arms.
Be sure to bring your new monitor to a doctor’s office for calibration and accuracy checks.
Conclusion
High blood pressure is a common but serious health condition that can lead to severe complications if untreated. Regular monitoring and timely treatment are essential for managing the condition and maintaining a healthy lifestyle. If you suspect high blood pressure, consult a healthcare professional for guidance on diagnosis and treatment options.
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